Chromium is the original open source idea on which Google Chrome is based. Though you can easily download and install Google Chrome in Ubuntu, we still recommend you to choose Chromium instead.

GIMP ( GNU Image Manipulation Program)

GIMP is the GNU Image Manipulation Program. It is used to edit and manipulate images. It can load and save a variety of image formats and can be used to convert between formats.

VLC Media Player

VLC is a free and open source cross-platform multimedia player and framework that plays most multimedia files as well as DVD, Audio CD, VCD, and various streaming protocols.

Audacity

If you need an application to edit audio files, Audacity is always the best choice for you whether you are using Linux, Windows or MacOS. Audacity has many useful features and is always free

Inkscape

Another graphic editor dedicated to do vector graphics designing. It’s also free and available for Windows and MacOS

Openshot

Perhaps the best video editor for Linux. It provides a stable, free and friendly environment to edit video

Rhymthbox

Though replaced by Banshee as the default music player in Ubuntu 11.04, Rhymthbox still has the favor of many users. It still one of the best music players with many cool features.

Calibre

f you have a huge collection of ebooks, Calibre is a must-have application, it helps you organize, save and manage ebooks, supporting many ebook formats. Calibre also supports e-book syncing with a variety of popular e-book readers like the Amazon kindle

Pidgin Instant Messenger

Instant massager

Check the /proc folder

The /proc/ folder has many useful files to check hardware info. The most popular files are /proc/cpuinfo (about processor info), /proc/meminfo (about RAM memory) and /proc/partitions (a full list about all disk partitions). To check these files you can run the “cat” command to display these file info on the terminal. For example

cat /proc/cpuinfo 
cat /proc/meminfo
cat /proc/partitions

lshw

lshw is a small tool to extract detailed information on the hardware configuration of the machine.
It can report exact memory configuration, firmware version, mainboard configuration, CPU version
and speed, cache configuration, bus speed, etc. on DMI-capable x86 or IA-64 systems

sudo lshw
sudo lshw -short

To find the info on one specific class wit lshw, say the processor, you can run the following command

sudo lshw -class processor

hwinfo

hwinfo is used to probe for the hardware present in the system. It can be used to generate asystem overview log which can be later used for support.

To install hwinfo in Ubuntu or other debian based distro run this command

sudo apt-get install hwinfo

hwinfo
hwinfo --bios

dmidecode

dmidecode is a tool for dumping a computer’s DMI (some say SMBIOS) table contents in a human-read‐able format. This table contains a description of the system’s hardware components, as well as other useful pieces of information such as serial numbers and BIOS revision. Thanks to this table, you can retrieve this information without having to probe for the actual hardware. While this is a good point in terms of report speed and safeness, this also makes the presented information possibly unreliable.

To install dmidecode in Ubuntu and other debian based distros, run the following command

sudo apt-get install dmidecode

To install dmidecode in Fedora,centOS, or RHEL run the following command

yum install dmidecode

To use dmidecode, you need to run the command as root. To get full report about hardware info, you can run the following command

sudo dmidecode

To get details about particular hardware classes you can run the commands like example below

sudo dmidecode -s chassis-type 
sudo dmidecode -s bios-vendor 
sudo dmidecode -s processor-version

ld.so can be obtained from http://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/ and mirror sites. The latest version at the time of writing is ld.so.1.9.5.tar.gz.

/lib/ld-linux.so.1 is the same thing for ELF (“What’s all this about ELF? “) and comes in the same package as the a.out loader.

Ubuntu builds on the foundations of Debian’s architecture and infrastructure, but has a different community and release process.

About Debian

Debian is ‘the rock upon which Ubuntu is built’. Debian is a volunteer project that works on developing a GNU/Linux operating system. The Debian project began more than a decade ago and has since grown to comprise more than 1,000 members with official developer status, and many more volunteers and contributors. It has expanded to encompass over 20,000 ‘packages’ of free and open-source applications and documentation.

About Ubuntu

Ubuntu provides a system based on Debian with frequent, regular releases and a consistent desktop interface. It is backed by Canonical’s commercial services and support on both the desktop and the server. It releases critical bug fixes and is never more than six months away from the latest version of anything in the open-source world.

Reference : http://www.ubuntu.com/community/ubuntu-and-debian

Basic

#To Start a screen with session name
screen -S sessionname*
#To get help screen
ctrl-a ?
#To Create new windows within screen
ctrl-a + c
#To deatach screen type
screen -d
#to Attach a running screen which was Detach first
#if there is onlye one session
screen -r
screen -r sessionname
#To list available screen session
screen -ls
## to attach to screen
screen -r session_name
#To Rename window in screen
ctrl+a A
#To split the window on one screen
ctrl-a + S
#To change to split window
ctrl + tab
#To kill alll the split and make the current windows active
ctrl-a + Q

Related links

• http://www.bangmoney.org/presentations/screen.html
• http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/

ext2

ext2 is the tried and true Linux filesystem but doesn’t have metadata journaling, which means that routine ext2 filesystem checks at startup time can be quite time-consuming. There is now quite a selection of newer-generation journaled filesystems that can be checked for consistency very quickly and are thus generally preferred over their non-journaled counterparts. Journaled filesystems prevent long delays when you boot your system and your filesystem happens to be in an inconsistent state.

ext3

ext3 is the journaled version of the ext2 filesystem, providing metadata journaling for fast recovery in addition to other enhanced journaling modes like full data and ordered data journaling. ext3 is a very good and reliable filesystem. It has an additional hashed b-tree indexing option that enables high performance in almost all situations. In short, ext3 is an excellent filesystem.

ReiserFS

ReiserFS is a B*-tree based filesystem that has very good overall performance and greatly outperforms both ext2 and ext3 when dealing with small files (files less than 4k), often by a factor of 10x-15x. ReiserFS also scales extremely well and has metadata journaling. As of kernel 2.4.18+, ReiserFS is solid and usable as both general-purpose filesystem and for extreme cases such as the creation of large filesystems, the use of many small files, very large files and directories containing tens of thousands of files.

XFS

XFS is a filesystem with metadata journaling that is fully supported under Gentoo Linux’s xfs-sources kernel. It comes with a robust feature-set and is optimized for scalability. We only recommend using this filesystem on Linux systems with high-end SCSI and/or fibre channel storage and a uninterruptible power supply. Because XFS aggressively caches in-transit data in RAM, improperly designed programs (those that don’t take proper precautions when writing files to disk and there are quite a few of them) can lose a good deal of data if the system goes down unexpectedly.

JFS

JFS is IBM’s high-performance journaling filesystem. It has recently become production-ready and there hasn’t been a sufficient track record to comment positively nor negatively on its general stability at this point

As the heading suggests, in this section I attempt to present a subset of the vi commands large enough to enable you to accomplish basic tasks, but small enough that a beginner can remember most of them. Opening and Closing

You open a file by typing “vi ” on the command line— for example:

vi chapter29.txt

You close a file by getting into command mode (use the key), typing a colon “:” and then typing wq (write quit). If you don’t want to save changes to the file, type q (quit). If it gives you any trouble, type wq! (enthusiastic quit).

Inserting Text

You insert new text by getting into edit mode. There are a lot of ways to get into edit mode. An incomplete list is presented next: Key Function

• i Insert new text at current cursor position.
• a Append new text to the end of the current line.

Deleting Text

Delete text by getting into command mode (press ) and using one of the following keys: Key Function x Delete a character. dw Delete a word. * dd Delete a line.

Moving Around

Get into command mode by pressing . The following keys are active: Key Function h Left one space j Down one line k Up one line l Right one space

Undo

The undo key is “u”. Get into command mode (press ) and then press “u”. This will undo all the changes back to the last time you entered edit mode. You may press undo repeatedly, each time undoing an edit session.

Searching :Search for text by

• Getting into command mode (press ).
• Press the forward slash “/”. A forward slash character should appear in the lower left corner of your screen.
• Typing the string you wish to search for.
• Starting and Stopping vi

vi can be invoked from the command line as follows:

vi -r file Recover a buffer saved when vi terminates.
vi +n file Open file on line n.
vi + file Open a file at the last line of file.
vi +/pattern file Open file at the first instance of pattern.
vi file file... Open multiple files.

Once inside vi, to get to the next file, type :n from command mode.

view file Open file in read-only mode.

The following commands will either get you out of vi, write any changes you may have made, or both:

Key Function

• :w file Write to the specified file.
• :w! file Write to specified file, regardless of file permissions.
• :wq Write and quit.
• :wq! Write and quit, regardless of access mode.
• , ZZ Quit and save any changes.
• :q Quit.
• :q! Quit without saving changes.
• Q Quit vi and start ex.

Wanna know more, please get the book

• Ubuntu, Debian,Mint : > /etc/network/interfaces
• redhat,Fedora,Centos :> /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/

EPEL packages are usually based on their Fedora counterparts and will never conflict with or replace packages in the base Enterprise Linux distributions. EPEL uses much of the same infrastructure as Fedora, including buildsystem, bugzilla instance, updates manager, mirror manager and more.

Learn more about EPEL in the EPEL FAQ